\u201eV\u00fdk\u0159ik\u201c je jedn\u00edm z nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch obraz\u016f 20. stolet\u00ed, kter\u00fd vytvo\u0159il norsk\u00fd um\u011blec Edvard Munch v roce 1893. Je to v\u00edc ne\u017e jen obraz, ale vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed symbol existenci\u00e1ln\u00ed hr\u016fzy, osam\u011blosti a \u00fazkosti, kter\u00e9 definuj\u00ed modern\u00ed dobu.
\nMunch namaloval \u010dty\u0159i verze \u201eV\u00fdk\u0159iku\u201c (dv\u011b olejem, dv\u011b pastelem) a tak\u00e9 vytvo\u0159il litografii. Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed verze je v N\u00e1rodn\u00ed galerii v Oslu. Ve sv\u00e9m den\u00edku um\u011blec popsal svou inspiraci: \u201e\u0160el jsem po cest\u011b se dv\u011bma p\u0159\u00e1teli \u2013 slunce zapadalo… Obloha se n\u00e1hle zbarvila do ruda jako krev. Zastavil jsem se a c\u00edtil nekone\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdk\u0159ik pronikaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodou.\u201c
\nPostava v pop\u0159ed\u00ed nen\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bk v tradi\u010dn\u00edm slova smyslu, ale archetyp utrpen\u00ed. Jej\u00ed tv\u00e1\u0159 podobn\u00e1 lebce, rozpa\u017een\u00e9 pa\u017ee a absence pohlav\u00ed a v\u011bku z n\u00ed \u010din\u00ed univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed osobu. P\u0159edstavuje ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z n\u00e1s v okam\u017eiku existenci\u00e1ln\u00ed krize.
\nPozad\u00ed obrazu \u2013 v\u00ed\u0159\u00edc\u00ed obloha a fjord \u2013 nen\u00ed realistick\u00e9, ale expresivn\u00ed. \u010cerven\u00e9 a oran\u017eov\u00e9 t\u00f3ny oblohy kontrastuj\u00ed se studenou modrou vodou a vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed pocit disharmonie. Linie jako by vibrovaly a umoc\u0148ovaly pocit neklidu.
\nDv\u011b postavy v pozad\u00ed, kr\u00e1\u010dej\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159es most, jsou lhostejn\u00e9 k utrpen\u00ed \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed postavy. To zd\u016fraz\u0148uje t\u00e9ma existenci\u00e1ln\u00ed osam\u011blosti: i mezi lidmi se \u010dlov\u011bk m\u016f\u017ee c\u00edtit zcela izolovan\u00fd.<\/p>\n
\n\u201eV\u00fdk\u0159ik\u201c se stal p\u0159edzv\u011bst\u00ed expresionismu \u2013 hnut\u00ed, kter\u00e9 kladlo d\u016fraz na vnit\u0159n\u00ed pro\u017eitek p\u0159ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed formou. Munch byl sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed hnut\u00ed \u201e\u017divot vlysu\u201c, kter\u00e9 zkoumalo t\u00e9mata l\u00e1sky, strachu, nemoci a smrti.
\nObraz byl opakovan\u011b napaden: byl dvakr\u00e1t ukraden (v letech 1994 a 2004), ale poka\u017ed\u00e9 byl nalezen. Dnes je pod p\u0159\u00edsnou str\u00e1\u017e\u00ed a jeho pojistn\u00e1 hodnota se odhaduje na stovky milion\u016f dolar\u016f. V popul\u00e1rn\u00ed kultu\u0159e se \u201eV\u00fdk\u0159ik\u201c stal memem, symbolem stresu, paniky a absurdity modern\u00edho \u017eivota. Byl parodov\u00e1n v seri\u00e1lu \u201eSimpsonovi\u201c, pou\u017eit v reklam\u011b a dokonce i jako emoji. Za ironi\u00ed se v\u0161ak skr\u00fdv\u00e1 hlubok\u00e1 filozofick\u00e1 my\u0161lenka.
\nJe zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee Munch trp\u011bl d\u011bdi\u010dnou predispozic\u00ed k du\u0161evn\u00edm poruch\u00e1m: jeho sestra byla v psychiatrick\u00e9 l\u00e9\u010debn\u011b a matka zem\u0159ela mlad\u00e1. Um\u011bn\u00ed se pro n\u011bj stalo formou exorcismu \u2013 prost\u0159edkem k exorcismu \u2013 k vym\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00edch d\u00e9mon\u016f.
\n\u201eV\u00fdk\u0159ik\u201c z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 relevantn\u00ed, proto\u017ee \u00fazkost je ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 existence. V dob\u011b alarmuj\u00edc\u00edch zpr\u00e1v, klimatick\u00fdch katastrof a digit\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159esycenosti rezonuje Munch\u016fv obraz hlasit\u011bji ne\u017e kdy d\u0159\u00edve. Je to zrcadlo, ve kter\u00e9m ka\u017ed\u00fd vid\u00ed sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdk\u0159ik.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u201eV\u00fdk\u0159ik\u201c je jedn\u00edm z nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch obraz\u016f 20. stolet\u00ed, kter\u00fd vytvo\u0159il norsk\u00fd um\u011blec Edvard Munch v roce 1893. Je to v\u00edc ne\u017e jen obraz, ale vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed symbol existenci\u00e1ln\u00ed hr\u016fzy, osam\u011blosti a…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":104,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[43],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-103","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-umeni"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/aneurcontr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/aneurcontr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/aneurcontr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aneurcontr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aneurcontr.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=103"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/aneurcontr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":105,"href":"https:\/\/aneurcontr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103\/revisions\/105"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aneurcontr.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/104"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/aneurcontr.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=103"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aneurcontr.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=103"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aneurcontr.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=103"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}